Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an illness that attacks the
body’s immune system and leaves it open to a wide range of other conditions. It
reduces the number of CD4 cells, commonly known as T cells, which help the body
fight off infection. The only way to know if you have HIV is to get tested, but
there are also oral signs you can look out for during your daily oral health
routine.
Canker
Sores
Canker sores are common and may surface on the lips, tongue, or inside
of the cheeks for multiple reasons. Some believe canker sores are caused by
allergies, trauma, or other ailments along with HIV. They’re often confused
with cold sores.
Although canker sores can run in the family, they aren’t contagious.
They can be uncomfortable, causing burning or tingling around the mouth. They
often appear round and shallow, white in the center and red at the edges. Most
go away after a couple of weeks, but if it’s your first time getting them or they
aren’t getting any better, see a physician as soon as possible.
Gum
Disease
Gum disease allows bacteria to build up at the gum line as a result of
poor hygiene. This can irritate the gums and make them red and inflamed, and
they can be uncomfortable when left untreated. Those with weakened immune
systems can develop gum disease easier than most. To prevent gum disease,
you’ll want to practice good oral hygiene. If that doesn’t help, your dentist
can prescribe an antimicrobial rinse.
Hairy
Leukoplakia
Hairy leukoplakia causes hairy white patches on the surface of the
tongue. These patches can be painful and affect the way food tastes. This
condition stems from Epstein-Barr virus, the virus that causes mononucleosis or
mono. People with weakened immune systems, such as with HIV patients, are more
vulnerable to hairy leukoplakia.
Oral
Thrush
Oral thrush may appear similar to hairy leukoplakia due to the white
sores it produces. Oral thrush, which derives from a fungus called Candida, can
be wiped away, but this may cause bleeding. Healthy immune systems prevent
overgrowth of the bacteria, but with a weakened immune system, the condition
can produce too much bacteria. You can treat oral thrush with antifungal
medications, but the condition can still recur later.
Oral
Warts
Oral warts appear as smooth bumps or blemishes in the mouth or on the
lips. They aren’t painful, but they can cause discomfort. Dentists can remove
warts by freezing them or cutting them away, but there is a chance they may
reappear in the future. Due to the weakened immune system, oral warts appear
more frequently in patients with HIV.
If you struggle with any of these ailments, continue to follow your
HIV treatment plan and dental hygiene routine. Contact your healthcare
professional for any questions or concerns. If you haven’t been diagnosed with
HIV, and you display any of these symptoms, see your physician immediately.
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